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  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข โ€œืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจโ€ ืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข โ€œืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจโ€ ืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 10.8.22 ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข โ€œืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจโ€ (7-5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2022) ืฉื•ื’ืจื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 1,175 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื›-990 ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›-450 ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘-97% ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื• ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืื• ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืฆื”โ€ืœ 170 ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื ื’ื“ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’โ€™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’โ€™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ (ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช) ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื”โ€ืœ ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืžื ื”ืจื”, ืงื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืžืชื—ื ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ (ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื“ืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ: ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื•ื•ืืœื”, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2022) ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื—ืฉื™ืคื”: ืขืžื•ืชืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืข"ืž ืžื™ืžื ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ืžืืก

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื—ืฉื™ืคื”: ืขืžื•ืชืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืข"ืž ืžื™ืžื ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ืžืืก ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชืจ ืฆื”ืดืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 13.2.24 ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืขืžื•ืชืช "ืกื™ื•ืข 48" ืžื™ืžื ื• ืขืžื•ืชืช ื—ืžืืก ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ืžืืก. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉโ€ืค ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื™ื

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉโ€ืค ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 2.5.24 ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื—ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ืขื‘ืืก ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืขื‘ืืก ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 9.1.24 ื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืืก ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืดืค

    English ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืดืค ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื—ืณืืœื“ ืื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืขืžื” โ€“ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืขืœ โ€œื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™โ€ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ื”ื•ึผืœืš ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจืคืืช? ืืœืดืž (ืžื™ืœืณ) ื–ืณืง ื ืจื™ื” โ€“ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื ื—ืก ืขื ื‘ืจื™ โ€“ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืกืืดืœ (ืžื™ืœืณ) ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ืจืฉ โ€“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื—ืณืืœื“ ืื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืขืžื” โ€“ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืงืจ โ€“ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ (ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก) ืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ โ€“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืชืืดืœ (ืžื™ืœืณ) ื™ื•ืกื™ ืงื•ืคืจื•ื•ืกืจ โ€“ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืœื•: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืดืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืจ ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืดืฃ ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืงืจ โ€“ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื”, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืœื ืจืกืŸ. ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ืชึพืขื•ืฆืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•. ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืขื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื. ื ื™ื–ืืจ ื‘ื ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืดืค. ื‘ื™ื•ื 24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, 2021, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืคืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ื”ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืืœื•ืช, ื•ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื ืืช ืžืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขื”, ื•ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”, ืขืจืขืจื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืดืจ ืืฉืดืฃ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช, ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืžื. ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ืžื ื• ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืฉื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืขื‘ืืก. ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื โ€œื™ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘โ€ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ืชืจืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ื‘ึพ1993, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื• โ€œืขืกืงื”โ€ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืฉืดืฃ ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช, ืฉืจืขื‘ื” ืœื›ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉโ€œื ื–ืจืงื”โ€ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ึพ1990. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจืฅ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืืฉืดืฃ, ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืฉืดืฃ ืžืงืจื™ืกื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืืจื”ืดื‘, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืชืื•ื•ืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืืฉืดืฃ, ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคืืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ืโ€, ืืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืฉืดืฃ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ื‘ืฆืข ื•ืคืžืœื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืงืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืืก, ื˜ืืจืง ื•ื™ืืกืจ, ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืื– 2009, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจืก ืคืจืกืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.1 ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื• ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ โ€“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืฆื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขืชื ืœื—ืžืืก ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ึพ2006: ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžโ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ืขืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ื—ืžืืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ื›ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืขืช โ€œื”ืžืืคื™ื” ืžืชื•ื ื™ืกโ€ (ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืฉืดืฃ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”). ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื•. ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืฉืดืฃ, ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื–ื™ื ื• โ€œืื•ืื–ื™ืกโ€ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืฉืคืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ื”ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื โ€“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืฉืดืฃ. ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื ืชืคืก ื›ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืกืœืื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืฉืดืฃ ื›ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืขืจืขืจื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื. ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ึพVIP ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ืจื ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘โ€œืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืโ€ ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืžืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœโ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืดืž ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืฆืฆื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ืžืฆื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจื”ืดื‘) ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ ืœื›ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ืช: ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืจืชืขืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช โ€œืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ืโ€ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืžืืก, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืœื” ืžึพ1988 ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื’ืณื™ื”ืื“ (ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ). ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2005 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2006. ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– โ€œืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”โ€, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ึตื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ. ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื” โ€œื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”โ€, ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืฆืข ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื—ืžืืก, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื™ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ึพ76 ืžืชื•ืš 132 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.2 ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืืก ืฉื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ื›ืš, ืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช โ€œืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”โ€, ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื โ€œื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€. ื”ืžืฆืข ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช โ€œ[ืœ]ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืื™ืฉื™โ€. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื—ืžืืก โ€œืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื ืคื•ื˜ื™ื–ื, ื•ื‘ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘โ€˜ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชโ€˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืคื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€.3 ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœื—ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืจื, ืœืคื™ ื˜ืืจืง ื“ื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื• ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืฉืœื” ืžื™ืœืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ืกืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”.4 ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืงืจ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืงืจื™ื 81% ,(PCPSR) ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.5 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœื• ื‘ืกืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,6 ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ึพ1994. ืกืงืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช (AMAN), ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื (85%) ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื.7 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืคื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื•.8 ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื,9 ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืŸ: ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”; ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื; ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืจืชื™ืขื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช; ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ AMAN, โ€œืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื•ื ืคื•ื˜ื™ื–ื, ืžืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืชโ€.10 ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืžืชืคืงื“ (ืžืื– ืฉื•ืชืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืžืืก ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ึพ2007) ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืชืจืžื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื›ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืขืก ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืžื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”. ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื ื• ืจืง ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืขืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืืžื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ70% ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ. ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื”ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ึดืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื—ืžืืก, ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืช ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ? ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืœื—ืฆื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืคื ื™ืึพืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืจืง ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื. ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืืœื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื ืจืขื‘ ื•ื›ื•ืขืก (ื”ืžื•ืกืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื•) ืœืขื ืžืกื•ืคืง ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืžืœืื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ืื™ึพื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจึพืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืขืจื•ืช https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/05/the-brothers-abbas/ .1 https://info.hamas.ps/post/28/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-% .2 D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7% D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 https://islah.ps/new2/?news=128 .3 https://www.masarat.ps/article/1514/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9 .4 %81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7% D9%85%D9%8C-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF https://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/926 .5 https://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/154 .6 https://www.aman-palestine.org/cached_uploads/download/2022/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9 .7 %85%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0% D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8% AE%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9-1670678610.pdf 8. ืฉื. 9. ืฉื. 10. ืฉื. 59 Previous Next

  • ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ - ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื–ื”

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ - ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื–ื” Ynet ืžืื’ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 4.2.24 ืžืชืื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืจืกืืŸ ืขืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื‘ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื: ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” - ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขื–ืชื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื ื—ืก ืขื ื‘ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 4.9.23 ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ืกืœื•, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืฉืดืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ืื”. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ืกืœื•, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืฉืดืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ืื”. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืืฉืดืฃ ื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•,1 ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืจืฆื• ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืœืืฉืดืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ืœื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ. ืืฉืดืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉืœ ืืฉืดืฃ ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ืืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืงื•ื•ื™ 1948. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™ ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,2 ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 1947 ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืงื‘ืข ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืดื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 31947 โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืงืจื ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ 181 ืžืฉื ืช 1947, ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 194 ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืชื” ืœืื•ืดื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืฉืžื˜ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืดื. ื›ืืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื”. ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ืช1947? ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื˜ื— ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืžืจืฆ, ื’ื ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืดืž ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจืืชื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฆื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืคืืคื ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืขื”. ืื•ืœื ืื‘ื• ืขืœืื, ืžืงื‘ื™ืœึผื” ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื“ื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื”.4 ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื–ืืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืกืจื˜ื˜ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ 1947 ื›ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ื™ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื ืชืงื•ื™ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ, ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ 1947 ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืื• ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 โ€“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื• ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืžืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ืืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื”. ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืฉื›ื ื•ืจืžืืœืœื”, ืืœื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืจืื ื™ืช ืžื™ืœืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื. ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ื‘ืคืชื— ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื›ืก ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™: ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื• ื•ืืœื” ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื•ืžื• ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”. (ืกื•ืจืช ืขืณืืคืจ ืคืกื•ืง 51) ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืคืกื•ืง ืชืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื . ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืจืคืืช ึดืืกืœื ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช โ€œื™ืฉื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™โ€.5 ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื™ืฉื•, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื•. ืœืžืฉืœ: ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืืœื” ื”ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืขืฉืงื•, ื•ืืœืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืืจืฆื ืœืœื ืฆื“ืง, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืœืœื”. (ืกื•ืจืช ืืœื—ื’ืณ ืคืกื•ืง 39) ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ืืœื ืžื›ื” ืœืืกืœืื. ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื’ืณื™ื”ืื“, ื•ื’ื ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืข ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉ ึดื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967, ืืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืชื™. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคืŸึพืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžื ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื˜ืจื”, ืืœื โ€œืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸโ€. ืื ื›ืš, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืจืคืืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™? ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืฆื“ื• ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ึพืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ืืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื›ืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจื™, ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงื•ืจ, ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”, โ€œืคืจื˜ื ืจโ€, ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื•ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื’ืฉื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื›ืื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื .6 ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœืงื— ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืงื— ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืœื ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื›ืขื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืš ืœืขืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™, ื”ืงื•ืจืื ื™, ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืœื— ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืชื•ืจ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื ืžืกืจ ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ึพืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ: ืืžืจื• ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื” ืขื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื” (ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ) ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื. (ืกื•ืจืช ืืœืžืืื“ื”, ืคืกื•ืง 22) ื”ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื,7 ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ึผืค ึผื•ืชื— ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ.8 ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืœื’ืณื™ืจื™ื”, ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1988, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ืฆืžื— ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—... ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื•ืชืง... ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื, ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ.9 ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื–ื ื— ืขืจืคืืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืืœื’ืณื™ืจื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืจืคืืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื›ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื˜ืงื˜ื™, ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ10 ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืขืžืžื™, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื—ื โ€“ ืืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”? ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื•11 ื•ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืงืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ื ืš ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœืคื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื•. ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืกืก ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื12 ื•ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ืฉืžื ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื13 ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช โ€“ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืืœึพืขืืื“ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื”ื. ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967 ืืœื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”, ืจื™ืื“ ืืœึพืžืืœื›ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื• ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื•. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ 1967. ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื“ื™ื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’, ื‘ึพ8.1.23, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื•: ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืดื ื•ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืดื, ื”ื—ืจืžืชื”, ื”ืขื ืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืชื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.14 ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ โ€œืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ืโ€ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืงืขืงืข ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.15 ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืดืฃ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื›ื— ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ โ€œืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจโ€, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืœ โ€œื ื™ื• ืืื•ื˜ืœื•ืงโ€, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื•16, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืขืชืณ, ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื ืฉื™ืงืจื• ืœื ื•, ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืชืžืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืืกืœื— ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื™ืชื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื– ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืคื”, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืืœ. ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืื“ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ืฉืžืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ืฉืžืืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืจืžืื•ืช. ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื–ื”. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืืœื” ืฉืคืชื—ื• ืœืืฉืดืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืืจึทื’ื ื• ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ึพ87ืณ, ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืฉืจื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืขื“, ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื•. ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืฉื ืชื™ื™ืึพืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืขืชืณ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื–ื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื™ื’ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืขืชืณ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืฉืง ืื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืชื™ ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”. ื”ืขืจื•ืช https://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/16F.pdf https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/elections/2015-02-25/ty-article/0000017f-e66e-d62c-a1ff-fe7f44 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Kk1b8HPSBc https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2011-01-24/ty-article/0000017f-eef9-ddba-a37f-eeffc36 https://www.memri.org.il/cgi-webaxy/item?4901 %D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9 %8A-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7% D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/ https://www.raialyoum.com/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D https://www.alquds.co.uk/ https://jcpa.org.il/article/8487/ ู†ุต ุงู•ุนู„ุงู† ุนุฑูุงุช ู‚ูŠุงู… ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† | ูˆุซุงูŠู”ู‚ ูˆุงู”ุญุฏุงุซ | ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ ู†ุช https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/events https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8% .10 A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9 %8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%A7% /D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1 ืจื™ืื“ ืืœ ืžืืœื›ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœโ€œืืœ ืงื•ื“ืก ืืœ ืขืจื‘ื™โ€ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•. https://www.mekomit.co.il/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7% .11 96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7 %99-%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%90 %D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8/ http://www.mofa.pna.ps/ar- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc3eImrS9xE ืจื™ืื“ ืืœึพืžืืœื›ื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจื“ื™ื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, 8.1.23. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืžืจื. https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8% A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9 %8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%A7% /D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1 ืจื™ืื“ ืืœึพืžืืœื›ื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืœ ืงื•ื“ืก ืืœ ืขืจื‘ื™. https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/archive/ART/157/537.html ืžืขืจื™ื‘ NRG ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืœื•: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืœื•: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืดืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 4.9.23 ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื โ€œื”ืกื›ื ื—ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื”โ€, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืžืื– ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1993 ื ืงื˜ื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื“ื”ึพืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืœื ื’ื‘ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื–ื•. ืžื•ึผื ืขืช ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืชึพืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืงื˜ื” ืฆืขื“ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฆื“ืงืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื”. ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื โ€œื”ืกื›ื ื—ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื”โ€, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื—ืชื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื”, ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืฉื”ืคืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืžื” ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื›ื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืจื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืœืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ. ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื•ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•. ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื’ื ืื ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืืฉืดืฃ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžโ€œืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื•ืชโ€, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื›ืื—ื“. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืœื ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ึพืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืฉืœื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžึทื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ืœืืจืง ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื. ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ โ€œื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจืฆื—โ€. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืœืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื ืžื ืขื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืดืค, ื•ืฉืงืจื™ืกืชื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื–ืจืช ืฆื”ืดืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื–ื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืชืžื” ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืš ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืชื” ืจื—ื‘ืชึพื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœืจืฆื—, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื—ืก ืžืงืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื“ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ึพืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. โ€œืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื”โ€ ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช โ€œื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื’ืณื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ17. ื”โ€œื—ื•ืงโ€ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœื”ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื—ื–ื• ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืž ึผื•ื ืขืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€œืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืšโ€, ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื โ€œืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื”โ€. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื ื™ื• ื“ืœื”ื™ ืžื›ืช ื ื—ืฉื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™ ื™ื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”: ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”โ€œืคืจืกโ€. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื โ€œืขืœื•โ€ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืœื, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืกื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืจื˜ ื›ื™ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช โ€œืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื”โ€. ื”ึพCIA ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— โ€œBlowbackโ€ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื’ืณืื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™, ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ โ€œืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸโ€, ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื•ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื”. ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื• ืขืœ โ€œืžืคืช ื”ืžื›ืดืโ€ ืฉืœ ื”ึพCIA, ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ึพCIA, โ€œืžื›ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจโ€. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ึพCIA ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘โ€œืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸโ€ ืื™ืœื• ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ? ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื. ื”ืื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืกืœื•? ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืดืฃ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช? ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืœื• โ€œืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืชโ€, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืณืจืžื™ ืฉืจืžืŸ. โ€œื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืคืคื•ืช. ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ื’ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืโ€. ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืขื˜ื• ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช. ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•, ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื. ืืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื•ื”ืžื›ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ืœืฉื ืื”, ื‘โ€œื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจืฆื—โ€, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื”ึพืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ C, ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ื‘ื”ืงืฆื ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืจืช ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืงื˜ืจ / ืคืจืกื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืงื˜ืจ / ืคืจืกื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 15.1.24 ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ "ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง", ืžื ืชื— ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืจื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืœืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช", ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื - ืงื˜ืจ ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื•ืขืฆืจืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ โ€œื™ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื’โ€™ืจืžื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ืžืืก ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื•

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื•ืขืฆืจืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ โ€œื™ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื’โ€™ืจืžื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ืžืืก ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 7.1.24 ื‘-11 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื•ืขืฆืจืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ โ€œื™ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™โ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืคืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”-BDS. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ: ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื - ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ: ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื - ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 15.1.24 ืื ื•ืจ ืืœ-ื•ืจื™ื“ื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, "ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืืœ-ื•ื˜ืŸ", ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื• ืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.[1] ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืจืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

  • ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืื•: ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื

    ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช IPAAR ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืื•: ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื Ynet ืืชืจ ื”ืื•ืดื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”: 2.2.24 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืขื“ ื•ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื โ€“ ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ื ื—ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”: "ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืคื™ื™ืฃ ื ืคืฉ" ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืดืค ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ipaar More

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